海底幽灵--传说中的博比特虫Bobbit Worm

                                                                                                   

它们静静的潜伏在海底，把长长的身体埋进软泥里，只露出头和前面的一小半身子。周围是寂静的黑暗，晚上的海底像极了幽深的地狱。偶尔会有一些闪光出现，那不是磷火而是生物冷光，可能预示着陷阱，也可能预示在正在进行的求婚，它们没说话，谁又知道它们究竟想干什么呢？反正不像是打着灯笼在走路。生活在这样的黑暗里的生命，要么练就了火眼金睛要么干脆不要眼了。博比特虫的眼睛就不是很发达，仅仅能感受到光线而已。它们不喜欢白天活动。夜幕降临后，它们就从幽暗的底泥中钻出来，把头部的5个触手在水里摆来摆去，不知道今晚谁会成了它的腹中餐。很可能是一条鱼！不管这条鱼多么可爱。

当一条鱼游过的时候，博比特虫就会像一条出击的毒蛇一样弹出身体，依靠强有力的颚齿咬住猎物将其拖入泥中，慢慢吃掉。

博比特虫的长度据说可以长到6米长。但是这样的长度很少见。简直成精了啊。一般个体在20厘米左右是合理的。
博比特虫的名字来源它的名字来源还是个谜。毕竟只是个俗名，而不是科学名称，科学上的物种名称必须根据国际命名法规来命名，采用双名法，并说明名字的语源学（Etymology）。凡是一个物种名必定有其所依附的模式标本的存在，否则会成为裸名。科学上的物种命名是严格遵循一定的规则进行的，采用拉丁语或者拉丁化的词语来命名新物种或者新的分类阶元。博比特虫仅仅是一个俗名，因而无法确定其模式标本是哪一个，也就没办法说究竟哪一种多毛类环节动物是博比特虫。最可能是解释就是这个词指的是一类大型的会捕食其他动物的矶沙蚕类的多毛类环节动物，很有可能包含了多个物种。
Bobbit这个词的来源的解释多种多样。有一个解释是说这个词演化自一个和penis（自己查词义吧，哈哈哈）有关的一个新闻事件，具体可以看喂鸡百科（A woman, Lorena Bobbit, cut off herhusband's penis with a knife.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_and_Lorena_Bobbitt）。大概是因为这个虫子露出的部分有点像penis吧（这个嘛，真心不怎么像啊）。还有更离谱的解释是雌的博比特虫在交配的时候会咬掉雄性的penis拿去喂养自己的幼崽。这个完全就是瞎扯了，多毛类环节动物是没有这么高级的器官的。大都分不出雌雄，自力更生的有很多，有些会雌雄配合产生下一代，不过采用的是天女散花式的，双方都把自己的生殖细胞（精卵）排到海水里，能不能受精就完全靠缘分了。另一种可能是正确的解释是Bobbit这个词指的是该虫子具有像剪刀一样的大颚。所以，洗海澡尽量不要裸体哈，小心博比特虫的大颚咬掉你的penis ^_^

博比特虫究竟是哪一类生物？很多人认为是矶沙蚕 Eunice aphroditois (Pallas,1788)，这样的做法是不够严谨的。虽然矶沙蚕是个体很大的多毛类生物，其生活习性和形态学特征和博比特很相近。矶沙蚕广泛分布在热带和亚热带的海区的潮间带和浅水区岩岸。不同地区的个体存在着一定的形态学差异。分类学家可能都不知道不同地区叫这个名字的虫子究竟是否是同一种物种，还是同物异名。还有大量的分类学工作需要做。因此，我们目前还无法知道Bobbit究竟是哪一种。但是它最为可能的就是矶沙蚕类的。
但是，有关A woman, Lorena Bobbit, cut off herhusband's penis with a knife.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_and_Lorena_Bobbitt
The genus Eunice itself, contains OVER 350 accepted speciesfound all around the world! Go here to see a list of them.
The problem breaks down like this:·        Worms identified as E. aphroditiois are found in all the world'stropical/temperate oceans, fr. the Carribbean to Panama, to New Zealand toSouth Africa and in Europe.·        The species shows a LOT of differences in bodyform all around the world. Do these differences represent different species? Orjust minor changes in body form in ONE species?? Is this the SAME species ALL OVER the world?
Bobbit Worm Myths and FactsBobbit worms are Polychaete wormsin the phylum Annelida.A common mythabout the Bobbit Worm is that they got their name from the fact that the femaleworms cuts off the penis of the male worm after mating, and then feeds it toher young. This is actually not true.Here's some facts fromPolychaete expert Leslie Harris at the NaturalHistory Museum in Los Angeles:First off, Polychaetes don't have penises or vaginas. Most of them arewhat we call broadcast spawners which means the males & females spew outeggs & sperm into the water. The eggs & sperm meet, the eggs getfertilized & start developing. There is no such thing as mating/copulationnot do males & females come into contact. Only a very few species exhibitparental care which is minimal. It consists of the female creating a mucuscocoon for the eggs & keeping it clean or brooding the eggs within her owntube. Some species of Marphysa (which are in the same family as the genusEunice) produce egg cocoons. Females do not care for larvae or juveniles &they certainly do not feed them.

The association of "Bobbit" for Eunice aphroditois has 2 possibleorigins. The 1st - and the one I heard way back when - is that the outstretchedjaws resemble scissors. The 2nd is that the erect worms reminded someone of anunattached penis.
Bobbit worm claws and jawsWhat you call the "claws" are jaws. there are 2 types of jaw pieces -1 pair of mandibles and 4-6 pairs of maxillae. The big serrated hooked piecesare maxillae. In the close up the 5 striped filaments are the antennae &palps - these carry the sensory receptors. They have 1 pair of eyes at the baseof the antennae but they may not play a big role in food capture. Bobbit worms areambush predators but if they're really hungry they will scavenge for foodaround the opening to their burrows.Thank you Leslie!
Bobbit Worm UnderwaterPhoto tips:·                Bobbit worms arenocturnal·                Don't shine yourlight on the bobbit worm for too long·                Use a good guidewho has found them before·                The bobbit wormwill often react to a light being shined on it only once or twice, lunging intothe air, until it learns there is nothing there·                It doesn't seem tomind being closely approached, if you can get it to stay out·                Don't touch it, anddon't get grabbed, the claws are very powerful and can injure you·                Be ready with yourshots, because the worm can move very very fast.

Bobbitworm out of its hole

Bobbitworm grabbing a fish.. The fish disappeared less than a 1/2 second later, I gotvery very lucky with this shot.

Close-upshowing the claws of the bobbit worm.

Bobbitworm lunging at a fish.

What do they eat?
The Bobbit worm can evencapture larger fish, and they often feed on pufferfish who slowly swim overthem. Check out this photo -

Yes,this is a photo I took of a pufferfish being captured by a Bobbit worm. I swamover and pulled on the pufferfish. With a little bit of effort, I managed torelease it. The pufferfish was still quite alive and quickly & happily swamaway!
How big do they get?Up to 9ft long! Thisone was 4ft long. That's a lot biggerthan I had thought.
Bobbit worms in the moviesEver see the movie Dune? The sand creatures are clearly modelled after Bobbit worms!
Eunice aphroditois (colloquially known asthe Bobbit(t) worm) is an aquatic predatory polychaeteworm dwelling atthe oceanfloor. An ambush predator, the animal buries its long bodyinto an ocean bed composed of gravel, mud,or corals, whereit waits for a stimulus to one of its five antennae,attacking when it senses prey. Armed with sharp teeth, it is known to attackwith such speed that its prey is sometimes sliced in half. Although the wormhunts for food, it is omnivorous.[1]Eunicids inject a toxin in their prey,which stuns or kills it, such that prey much larger than the worm itself can beeaten and digested.[2]Another family of polychaete worms, the fireworms (Amphinomidae),have harpoon-shaped chaetae (bristles) that release a toxin that can causesevere skin irritation, but in E. aphroditois, the chaetae are used only forgrip when crawling over sediment.[2]Little is known about the sexual habits andlifespan of this worm, but researchers hypothesize that sexual reproduction starts at an early stage,maybe even when the worm is about 100 mm (4 in) in length; this is very early,considering these worms can grow to sizes of nearly 3 m (10 ft) in some cases(although most observations point to a much lower average length of 1 m (3 ft 3in) and an average of 25 mm (1 in) in diameter).E. aphroditois is found in warmer oceansaround the world, including the Indo-Pacificand Atlantic.[
The name "Bobbit worm" was coinedin the 1996 book Coral Reef Animals of the Indo-Pacific, in reference toLorena Bobbitt,[7] who was then very much in thepublic consciousness. The name is inspired only by the scissorlike jaws of theworm; the common supposition from the name that female eunicids cut off themales' penises is baseless, and the worms in fact lack penises entirely, asthey are broadcast spawners.
by:中科院海洋研究所   王跃云博士

               

精彩，还中英双语，高大上

名字来源于一个杀死丈夫并切掉丁丁的女人…

感觉这玩意跟我们钓鱼时用的青虫和红虫差不多

科幻大片的素材

leaushown-lc 发表于 2017-7-23 18:32
名字来源于一个杀死丈夫并切掉丁丁的女人…

歪果仁的段子质量不低{:4_127:}